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ComponentModel Module

The ComponentModel module provides a comprehensive framework for modeling and simulating power systems, including AC, DC, and hybrid AC/DC components, as well as carbon emission models. This document outlines the key components and their usage within the module.

AC Power System Components

AC components serve as the fundamental building blocks for constructing power system models, including buses, lines, transformers, generators, and loads.

Bus Components

Buses are nodes in power systems that connect various devices such as generators, loads, lines, and transformers.

# Create a new bus
bus1 = Bus(
    index = 1,
    name = "Bus 1",
    vn_kv = 110.0,  # Nominal voltage (kV)
    type = "b",     # Slack bus
    zone = 1,
    v_pu = 1.0,     # Initial voltage (per unit)
    theta_degree = 0.0  # Initial angle (degrees)
)

Line Components

Line components model AC transmission and distribution lines through impedance parameters.

# Create a new line
line1 = Line(
    index = 1,
    name = "Line 1-2",
    from_bus = 1,
    to_bus = 2,
    length_km = 10.0,
    r_ohm_per_km = 0.1,  # Resistance per km (Ω/km)
    x_ohm_per_km = 0.3,  # Reactance per km (Ω/km)
    c_nf_per_km = 10.0,  # Capacitance per km (nF/km)
    max_i_ka = 0.5,      # Maximum current capacity (kA)
    df = 1.0,            # Derating factor
    parallel = 1         # Number of parallel lines
)

Transformer Components

Transformer components model voltage conversion devices connecting buses at different voltage levels.

# Create a two-winding transformer
transformer = Transformer2W(
    index = 1,
    name = "T1",
    std_type = "160 MVA 110/20 kV",
    hv_bus = 1,       # High voltage bus
    lv_bus = 2,       # Low voltage bus
    sn_mva = 160.0,   # Rated power (MVA)
    vn_hv_kv = 110.0, # HV rated voltage (kV)
    vn_lv_kv = 20.0,  # LV rated voltage (kV)
    vk_percent = 10.0,# Short-circuit impedance (%)
    vkr_percent = 0.3,# Short-circuit losses (%)
    pfe_kw = 60.0,    # Iron losses (kW)
    i0_percent = 0.1, # No-load current (%)
    shift_degree = 0.0,# Phase shift angle (degrees)
    tap_side = "hv",  # Tap side (high voltage)
    tap_pos = 0,      # Tap position
    tap_neutral = 0,  # Neutral tap position
    tap_min = -10,    # Minimum tap position
    tap_max = 10      # Maximum tap position
)

Generator Components

Static generator components provide simplified modeling of generating units.

# Create a static generator
gen = StaticGenerator(
    index = 1,
    name = "Generator 1",
    bus = 1,           # Connected bus number
    p_mw = 100.0,      # Active power output (MW)
    q_mvar = 20.0,     # Reactive power output (MVar)
    scaling = 1.0,     # Power scaling factor
    max_p_mw = 150.0,  # Maximum active power limit (MW)
    min_p_mw = 50.0,   # Minimum active power limit (MW)
    max_q_mvar = 50.0, # Maximum reactive power limit (MVar)
    min_q_mvar = -50.0 # Minimum reactive power limit (MVar)
)

Load Components

Load components model power consumption in electrical systems.

# Create a load
load = Load(
    index = 1,
    name = "Load 1",
    bus = 2,          # Connected bus number
    p_mw = 50.0,      # Active power demand (MW)
    q_mvar = 10.0,    # Reactive power demand (MVar)
    scaling = 1.0,    # Power scaling factor
    type = "wye"      # Load type (Y-connected)
)

Network Construction Example

using ComponentModel
using Utils

# Create power system model
case = JuliaPowerCase()

# Add buses
bus1 = Bus(1, "Bus 1", 110.0, "b", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
bus2 = Bus(2, "Bus 2", 110.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
bus3 = Bus(3, "Bus 3", 20.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
push!(case.busesAC, bus1)
push!(case.busesAC, bus2)
push!(case.busesAC, bus3)

# Add generator
gen = StaticGenerator(1, "Gen 1", 1, 100.0, 20.0, 1.0, 150.0, 50.0, 50.0, -50.0)
push!(case.gensAC, gen)

# Add line
line = Line(1, "Line 1-2", 1, 2, 10.0, 0.1, 0.3, 10.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1)
push!(case.branchesAC, line)

# Add transformer
transformer = Transformer2W(1, "T1", "160 MVA 110/20 kV", 2, 3, 160.0, 110.0, 20.0, 10.0, 0.3, 60.0, 0.1, 0.0, "hv", 0, 0, -10, 10)
push!(case.transformers_2w, transformer)

# Add load
load = Load(1, "Load 1", 3, 50.0, 10.0, 1.0, "wye")
push!(case.loadsAC, load)

Converters

Converters model power electronic interfaces between AC and DC systems in power networks.

Converter Structure

# Create a new converter
converter = Converter(
    index = 1,
    name = "VSC1",
    bus_ac = 5,         # Connected AC bus number
    bus_dc = 101,       # Connected DC bus number
    p_mw = 100.0,       # Active power transfer (MW)
    q_mvar = 25.0,      # Reactive power at AC side (MVar)
    vm_ac_pu = 1.0,     # AC voltage magnitude (per unit)
    vm_dc_pu = 1.05,    # DC voltage magnitude (per unit)
    loss_percent = 1.5, # Losses as percentage of active power
    loss_mw = 1.5,      # Losses (MW)
    max_p_mw = 200.0,   # Maximum active power limit (MW)
    min_p_mw = -200.0,  # Minimum active power limit (MW)
    max_q_mvar = 100.0, # Maximum reactive power limit (MVar)
    min_q_mvar = -100.0,# Minimum reactive power limit (MVar)
    control_mode = "P-Q", # Control mode
    droop_kv = 0.0,     # DC voltage droop parameter
    in_service = true,  # Operational status
    controllable = true # Controllability status
)

Control Modes

Converters can operate in different control modes:

  1. P-Q Mode: The converter controls active and reactive power
  2. Vdc-Q Mode: The converter controls DC voltage and reactive power
  3. P-Vac Mode: The converter controls active power and AC voltage
  4. Vdc-Vac Mode: The converter controls DC voltage and AC voltage

Integration Example

using ComponentModel
using Utils

# Create power system model
case = JuliaPowerCase()

# Add AC and DC buses
ac_bus = Bus(1, "AC Bus", 400.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
dc_bus = DCBus(101, "DC Bus", 500.0, 1.0)
push!(case.busesAC, ac_bus)
push!(case.busesDC, dc_bus)

# Add converter
converter = Converter(
    1, "VSC1", 1, 101, 100.0, 25.0, 1.0, 1.05, 
    1.5, 1.5, 200.0, -200.0, 100.0, -100.0, 
    "P-Q", 0.0, true, true
)
push!(case.converters, converter)

DC Components

DC components serve as building blocks for constructing DC power system models.

DC Bus Components

# Create a new DC bus
dc_bus = BusDC(
    index = 101,
    name = "DC Bus 1",
    vn_kv = 500.0,  # Nominal voltage (kV)
    type = "b",     # Slack bus
    zone = 1,
    v_pu = 1.0,     # Initial voltage (per unit)
    in_service = true
)

DC Line Components

# Create a new DC line
dc_line = LineDC(
    index = 1,
    name = "DC Line 1-2",
    from_bus = 101,
    to_bus = 102,
    length_km = 100.0,
    r_ohm_per_km = 0.01,  # Resistance per km (Ω/km)
    max_i_ka = 2.0,       # Maximum current capacity (kA)
    in_service = true
)

DC Generator Components

# Create a DC static generator
dc_gen = StaticGeneratorDC(
    index = 1,
    name = "DC Generator 1",
    bus = 101,         # Connected DC bus number
    p_mw = 200.0,      # Active power output (MW)
    scaling = 1.0,     # Power scaling factor
    max_p_mw = 300.0,  # Maximum active power limit (MW)
    min_p_mw = 0.0,    # Minimum active power limit (MW)
    in_service = true
)

DC Load Components

# Create a DC load
dc_load = LoadDC(
    index = 1,
    name = "DC Load 1",
    bus = 102,          # Connected DC bus number
    p_mw = 150.0,       # Active power demand (MW)
    const_z_percent = 0.0,  # Percentage of constant impedance load
    const_i_percent = 0.0,  # Percentage of constant current load
    const_p_percent = 100.0, # Percentage of constant power load
    scaling = 1.0,      # Power scaling factor
    in_service = true
)

DC Storage Components

# Create a DC storage system
dc_storage = Storage(
    index = 1,
    name = "Battery Storage 1",
    bus = 101,                # Connected DC bus number
    power_capacity_mw = 50.0, # Maximum power capacity (MW)
    energy_capacity_mwh = 200.0, # Energy storage capacity (MWh)
    soc_init = 0.5,           # Initial state of charge (50%)
    min_soc = 0.1,            # Minimum allowed state of charge (10%)
    max_soc = 0.9,            # Maximum allowed state of charge (90%)
    efficiency = 0.95,        # Round-trip efficiency
    self_discharge = 0.001,   # Self-discharge rate per hour
    p_mw = 0.0,               # Initial active power (MW, positive for charging)
    in_service = true
)

DC Network Construction Example

using ComponentModel
using Utils

# Create DC power system model
case = JuliaPowerCase()

# Add DC buses
bus1 = BusDC(101, "DC Bus 1", 500.0, "b", 1, 1.0, true)
bus2 = BusDC(102, "DC Bus 2", 500.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, true)
push!(case.busesDC, bus1)
push!(case.busesDC, bus2)

# Add DC generator
gen = StaticGeneratorDC(1, "DC Gen 1", 101, 200.0, 1.0, 300.0, 0.0, true)
push!(case.sgensDC, gen)

# Add DC line
line = LineDC(1, "DC Line 1-2", 101, 102, 100.0, 0.01, 2.0, true)
push!(case.branchesDC, line)

# Add DC load
load = LoadDC(1, "DC Load 1", 102, 150.0, 0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 1.0, true)
push!(case.loadsDC, load)

# Add DC storage
storage = Storage(1, "Battery 1", 101, 50.0, 200.0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.9, 0.95, 0.001, 0.0, true)
push!(case.storages, storage)

Hybrid AC/DC Systems

DC components can be integrated with AC components to form hybrid AC/DC power systems through converter components.

using ComponentModel
using Utils

# Create hybrid power system model
case = JuliaPowerCase()

# Add AC buses
ac_bus1 = Bus(1, "AC Bus 1", 400.0, "b", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
ac_bus2 = Bus(2, "AC Bus 2", 400.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, 0.0)
push!(case.busesAC, ac_bus1)
push!(case.busesAC, ac_bus2)

# Add DC buses
dc_bus1 = BusDC(101, "DC Bus 1", 500.0, "b", 1, 1.0, true)
dc_bus2 = BusDC(102, "DC Bus 2", 500.0, "pq", 1, 1.0, true)
push!(case.busesDC, dc_bus1)
push!(case.busesDC, dc_bus2)

# Add AC generator
ac_gen = StaticGenerator(1, "AC Gen", 1, 300.0, 100.0, 1.0, 500.0, 0.0, 200.0, -200.0)
push!(case.sgensAC, ac_gen)

# Add DC generator
dc_gen = StaticGeneratorDC(1, "DC Gen", 102, 100.0, 1.0, 200.0, 0.0, true)
push!(case.sgensDC, dc_gen)

# Add converter between AC and DC
converter = Converter(1, "VSC", 2, 101, 150.0, 50.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.5, 200.0, -200.0, 100.0, -100.0, "P-Q", 0.0, true, true)
push!(case.converters, converter)

Carbon Emission Models

Carbon emission modeling components enable users to incorporate carbon emissions data into power system analyses.

Carbon Time Series

# Create a carbon time series entry
carbon_ts = CarbonTimeSeries(
    index = 1,
    timestamp = DateTime(2025, 7, 8, 12, 0, 0),
    grid_carbon_intensity_kgCO2e_per_MWh = 350.0,
    renewable_generation_carbon_intensity_kgCO2e_per_MWh = 25.0,
    storage_carbon_intensity_kgCO2e_per_MWh = 120.0
)

Carbon Scenarios

# Create a carbon scenario
carbon_scenario = CarbonScenario(
    index = 1,
    name = "Net Zero 2050",
    description = "Scenario aligned with net zero emissions by 2050",
    year = 2050,
    grid_carbon_intensity_kgCO2e_per_MWh = 50.0,
    renewable_penetration_percent = 85.0,
    ev_adoption_percent = 95.0,
    storage_capacity_mwh = 500000.0
)

Equipment Carbon Models

# Create an equipment carbon record
equipment_carbon = EquipmentCarbon(
    index = 1,
    element_type = "transformer",
    element_id = 101,
    carbon_embodied_kgCO2e = 25000.0,
    carbon_operational_kgCO2e_per_year = 500.0,
    lifetime_years = 30,
    manufacturing_date = Date(2023, 3, 15),
    installation_date = Date(2023, 6, 10),
    recycling_rate_percent = 75.0
)

Carbon Reduction Strategies

The carbon emission models support various strategies for reducing carbon emissions in power systems:

  1. Equipment Replacement: Calculate the carbon payback period for replacing high-emission equipment.
  2. Scenario Analysis: Compare system emissions under different future scenarios.
  3. Temporal Optimization: Schedule operations to minimize carbon emissions based on time-varying carbon intensities.

Advanced Applications

ComponentModel components can be used for various power system analyses, including:

  1. Power Flow Analysis: Determining voltage and power distribution under steady-state conditions
  2. Fault Analysis: Assessing the impact of short-circuit faults on the system
  3. Stability Analysis: Studying the dynamic behavior of the system following disturbances
  4. Optimal Dispatch: Determining the optimal output of generators to meet load demands
  5. HVDC Transmission: Long-distance bulk power transfer with minimal losses
  6. Renewable Integration: Connection of remote renewable energy sources to the grid
  7. Microgrids: Formation of DC or hybrid AC/DC microgrids
  8. Energy Storage: Integration of large-scale energy storage systems
  9. Environmental Impact Assessment: Evaluating carbon emissions and reduction strategies

For more advanced application examples, refer to the relevant sections in the user manual.